9) The structure of universe with respect to mass 

This page had been updated on 10th Nov 2006

It is typical for human nature to think that there must be a limit to everything because practically everything the human sees and experiences in his life are short lived. One of the most undeniable limit is the span of human life. So by habit we think automatically that there is a limit to the vastness of the universe. By nature we also think there is limit to the smallness of things in the subatomic world of particles. All these thoughts are questionable! Because we would never know exactly what lies beyond the observable range of the universe. What really happens at the energy concentrated center of galaxies we could never replicate in laboratories...  So far there are many layers with which we describe the distribution of mass in the universe. These layer are:- galaxies, Stars, plants, Satellites, physical matters, molecules, atoms, nuclei, hadrons (protons and neutrons) and fermions (leptons and quarks). Here in this theory we add one more layer and call it Universal Portions or the portions of the universe. Each portion contains numerous galaxies in expansion or contraction. Our expanding universe is therefore treated as a portion of the universe. However, even this is but a rationalization, because the energy that drives the universe to expand, contract, unify and regenerate is the electromagnetic force, which is a force in waves. We know all energies in waves can interfere, resonate, double up or cancel out each other and therefore produce large and small regions or portions in fluctuation, but in fact we can only so far rationalize it. Someday important new principles of physical science may yet be discovered to explain the more detailed formation of such large scale structures of the universe. For the time being, such rationalization of universal portions will be supported by explanations as we go...

First of all, why is science always exact and predictable? A very basic and important reason is that mass and energy in the universe are conserved, at least to the extent that our science cannot notice any possible tiny variations at a certain time. So, some scientists consider the universe as a “Closed” system, or a “Near Closed” system in order to conserve everything in it.. Imagine there are Black Holes here and there, especially if there is one in our galaxy, and their unimaginable gravity is making things disappearing down the holes, and since there are different sizes of galaxies around and their materials are disappearing at different rates into the holes, then how can we be sure that science will be the same to-morrow? So in order for science to work with constancy and predictability, material and energy are considered conserved and the universe should be a "Closed" system. Bu if the universe is closed, then there must be also a border of some sort, which of course is quite unthinkable, but we don't really know. Therefore, in the final analysis, the universe must be infinitely large, yet it functions like a closed system. This is possible because infinity is a real existence, but it is too big for the human brain to describe a count or a dimension for it. In other words, it is the human inability to define that makes it an indeterminable existence whatever it may be. It's all our fault, but it's out there very big and very real.... The universe is such an existence! So in the end we are forced to settle for the definition that the universe works like a closed system and of such dimension far to large for the human imagination to handle. And in such system all materials and energies are conserved...

Now the cosmic universe is consisted of 4 levels of material structures and their corresponding functions and purposes. These levels are divided according to the vast distances between them as well as the roles and functions they play in the universal drama. Once these 4 levels are established, the universe can then evolve and regenerate for as long as one can possibly imagine. These 4 levels are:- The Universal Portions, the Galaxies, the Solar Systems, and the Planets.  The Nebulae are counted in the group of galaxy because they will eventually form galaxies. The satellites are counted with the planets because of their proximity to the planets. Some theory considers that our Moon was once part of Earth. Now let’s start from the top, the level with the portions of universe… 

The Portions of universe work like waves in the ocean, allowing freedom of movement, taking up the tensions and slacks between the portions, so that the universe become alive with fluctuations and repeatable cycles. Our observable universe is part of such a Portion. Because Red Shift of galactic light is proportional to the distance and to the receding speed of galaxies, it can be measured and calculated. Between 1990 and 2002 scientists from different nations had observed the remotest galaxies to be approximately 13 billion light years away from us (This distance is equivalent to the Hubble’s Radius, which means that when the galaxies recede to this distance from us at its known rate, its speed would be equivalent to the speed of light). Because our observation cannot go beyond this limit, the universe is much bigger than we can see or detect. However, there are many reasons which indicate that the universe is made of large portions.

The structure of Portions is the most difficult to explain, simply because they cannot be observed or detected.. However, imagine there is no universe portions, just one big expanding universe, then where do all those galaxies go? There would be no return! And mass and energy cannot conserve. And there will be no evolutions at all! Because evolution needs repetition of cycles, not one way street! Imagine 4.5 billions years ago when the Earth was created, it was just a hot and violent molten mass. It has taken billions of years to evolve a solid crust, then vegetations and animals, etc., etc.. The universe must have taken far longer to evolve the beautiful stars and planets, all of them doing rhythmic duties in the perfectly orderly universal drama. Then all the intricate, the mature orders, the perfect structures and the predictable functions that science depends would not exist. Surely, you don’t expect that after a Big Bang and all laws of physics and metaphysics were already as perfect as we know now. So alone the presence of science is an evidence that the universe has existed, evolved and regenerate in infinite eternities of time…Thus in order to evolve the universe must be made of portions in order to fluctuate, to recycle and to regenerate.

Now let's see how the universe in portions comes about and how it works. We start by looking into how the masses in the universe move. But first, we must establish that the universe is in perpetual motion. If the motion stops then that would be a Static Universe, but ours is an expanding universe. As long as the universe is motion, it will chain react and can never become static  There are two types of motions that give motion and life to the universe. A spinning motion given by mutual induction between electric charge and magnetic moment, which occurs in alternating phases and perpendicular to each other. Since electric charges are in each atom (electrons and protons) and in all electromagnetic force waves that prevail the entire universal realm. Consequently no matter how the universe interacts, these two fundamental forces still prevail and cannot be destroyed. The angular and phase difference between these fundamental forces give spinning motion to all things, i.e. atomic elements, planets, solar systems, galaxies and even the portions of the universe. Everything spins! This turning motion causes the galactic masses to form and planets to spiral into the galactic center by combination of turning motion and gravitation.

The other cosmological motion is a linear motion. This is caused by galactic masses spiraling into the central region of galaxy where they are crushed and completed converted into propagating electromagnetic waves by a dynamic symmetry at the center of galaxy. These waves coming of of galaxies are so strong that they push the galaxies to recede from each other, giving the expansion of the universe. What cause the universe to expand without direct bodily contact are the transmissions of electromagnetic force in waves. However, as galaxies recede from each other and their mass become smaller due to conversion of mass to pushing energy waves, there comes a time when their mutual push weakens and beginning to exhaust. But because of the different sizes, age and energies of galaxies, the interactions between them produce different timing. This would cause big and small groups of galaxies to form, producing wavelike fluctuate in group motion as well as in timing. The effect of fluctuation could produce relatively small congregations like the congested galaxies, or Great Wall of galaxies in Virgo Constellation. 

fig on the left is a large scale segment of the universe, showing a Great Wall of clusters and the Supercluster of Virgo at the center. The radius of the segment is about 200 Mpc

The groups could also resonate together to form huge portions like our expanding universe, whose limit is beyond our vision. I call the regions where galaxies form groups and are contemporarily active "Universal Portions". And because of the existence of many universal portions, some of which are expanding and pushing, there must come a time when the weakened or exhausted portion is push back by its stronger neighboring portion or portions. However, the very moment the galactic masses in the weakened portion start to contract, the increased gravitation between masses would accelerate the contraction speeds. The countless masses of galaxies from different distances will collide in countless intervals causing chained explosions at various rates. 

However, such explosions break up the galactic masses, but not violent enough to convert all the mass into pure homogeneous energies (unlike the phenomenon occurring at the center of galaxies, which not only reduce all mass to energy, but also make them into sinusoidal cosmic waves). 

Meanwhile, at the remote end of some expanding portion (like our own) where receding speeds of galaxies are faster than the speed of light, but not without limit, because such speed is limited by the next another portion... [Note: In the Big Bang Model, because there is no universal portions, nor regenerations, just a once only big bang, the speed of orbiting stars at the periphery of galaxies have such tremendous speeds, yet the gravitational pull of all the stars closer to the heart of the galaxy is not enough to prevent these peripheral stars from flying off into the cosmos. According to their calculations, up to 90% of matter in a typical galaxy is invisible. With that thought in mind, astronomers began to search for Dark Matters in our galaxy. But instead of finding any within the galaxy, they found possible evidence of Dark Matters within the universe (outside our galaxy) by a photo taken with Hubble Space Telescope in 1997, i.e., They found light from a cluster of galaxies is bent by another cluster of galaxies in the foreground of the picture. By making computer models of both the foreground and background clusters of galaxies, they estimate that the mass of the foreground cluster of galaxies should be 250 times as great as the mass of just the visible part of the cluster. Therefore, if Dark Matter can exist in the universe, then the prediction that Dark Matters exist somewhere in our galaxy should be true! What's more, according to calculations of Big Bang's Inflation theory, the total mass of the universe should be more than 100 times the amount of visible mass that appear to be in the universe. Therefore more than 99% of mass in the universe should belong to group of Dark Matters. What the telescope on earth can observe is only about 1% of the mass in the universe.

In any case, many scientists therefore believe that there should be 9 times more mass somewhere around within our galaxy than those observable by us, and lots more within the universe as well. They call these unobservable mass "Dark Matters". But where are all these colossal quantities of masses that would amount to some 9 times more than all the observable stars and planets, etc., in our Milky Way galaxy? Also if more than 99% of mass in the universe are Dark Matters, then what are they made of? Or is there likely to be an unforeseeable reasons or mistakes? Is it at all possible?... Now, in this model of Regenerating Universe, this consideration for Dark Matter is not necessary, because, in the case of galaxy, each galaxy exerts force or creates radiation waves to push its neighbouring galaxies away causing the galaxies to recede from each other and the universe to expand. In that case, the last stars of galaxy cannot fly off in the radial direction. This leaves only the tangential speed to be considered. The speed of such peripheral stars are accumulated by conserving momentum in an environment of little or no gravitation over a long and gradual process, and through addition of tiny amounts of torque or tangential acceleration produced by the spiraling motion of the galaxy. And in the case of universal as a whole, there is no need to consider any Dark Matters either, because for the same reason, the portions of universe, like the receding and expanding galaxies, would interact with the forces of the next door portion... Anyhow, discarding the search for 9 times more masses than there already are in our galaxy, the functions and behaviours of our galaxy and our solar system, as a whole, would probably be more normal and predictable again..]         

Now, after the dusts settle down the now pulverized mass particles will start to spin. Within the spin, the gravity will  begin to pull the mass together. In time, nuclear synthesis and stellar synthesis will start to form galaxies masses again, such as stars, planets and planetary systems. By collecting planets and stars into spins new galaxies will be formed. Then after a while these new galaxies will begin produce electromagnetic for transmission and start a new expanding universe, or a new universal portion... However, such a galaxy would now contain old and odd stars or planets using bits and pieces of materials from the previous regeneration, because in previous cycle the materials are crushed and exploded in different timing. Anyhow, wthout the universal portions, the universe cannot keep equilibrium and cannot regenerate. And masses cannot mix and homogenize, then the properties of mass cannot become predictable through out the universe, which also means that laws governing masses would not be constant everywhere. And physical laws governing atomic properties and behaviors would be non-existent and completely anarchic. Therefore, universal portions are absolutely necessary for the universe to recycle, evolve and regenerate. Thus, the expansion of universe can only serve as evidence that our observable universe must be only part of the life cycle of whole universe, which is endlessly evolving and regenerating. In other words, the intricacies of science and laws of nature cannot possibly be developed in a one way street such as a Big Bang! It must have taken many eternities to evolve and advance to the present state of regularity and predictability, and this would necessitates the structural design of universal portions.

During the evolution of portions, some of the portions will lose mass due to lost of energies to other portions. Our sun loses 400 million tons of weight per day due to radiation. Big and small portions will be born at different intervals. Small ones could get smaller and smaller still, whilst their regenerative cycles could get speeded up. Some will be invaded by their stronger neighbors, whilst others would get squeezed or flattened to form a line, like the Great Wall galaxies, or like the Superclusters at the Virgo Constellation. Some Nebulae remain nebulous, it is probably because their gas particles are too small, motionless and too far apart, or perhaps because they have extremely poor magnetic permeability and so they cannot start a spinning motion. Besides, the gravitation is an extremely weak energy and if gas particles are evenly apart, they cannot even pull or gravitate between them.    

At the edge of portions many odd things could happen, galactic masses from other portions could wander into the next door portion, giving or taking different properties with them. We happen to live in a highly advanced portion, which is far bigger than our vision can reach. At any rate, without portions the present structures and functions of universe cannot exist as it does now! The theory that the universe is made of portions therefore permits the universe to regenerate. Even while one portion is undergoing regeneration, other portions would impart energies into this regenerating portion. The process would quickly influence the development and evolution of the new portion,  We don’t need to see the whole universe with our own eyes, but we can visualize it through the totally predictable functions of science and logics that govern the atoms or mass. Therefore, the postulate of universal portion is not a fitment of imagination, instead, it is a fully understandable scientific reality. The ability to rationalize is what differentiate the humans from other creatures. That too is the results of endless evolution and  regenerations…  

[Note: I have removed a lot of unnecessary texts from this page. These web pages were written directly onto the screen, but due to unavoidable health reasons, some pages were left untrimmed and untidy for more than a year. My apologies to readers].