Stephen Hawking's prediction for the Theory of Everything (TOE)

In the book titled “Stephen Hawking, Quest for a Theory of Everything”, subtitled “The story of his life and work", the authoress Kitty Ferguson wrote in the first chapter "The greatest quest in all science" the following texts:,, ,,,, ..

It is an odd thing that Stephen Hawking should talk about and predict, even time the end of his field of work on the day of inauguration to the prestigious Lucasian Professorship, which was once held by Sir Isaac Newton. It appears that he wouldn't have done it without motivation, because even 18 years later Hawking seemed to be still expecting his prediction to materialize just as he had predicted. So the motivation, or whatever it was, must have been pretty serious indeed... I can understand in 1980 he could have been thinking that the "Super-String" theory might do the job, but what was he thinking of in 1998?

(Note:- In July 2006 Prof. Hawking visited China and Hong Kong. His presence and lectures were overwhelmingly welcome and attended by local educationalists and students. During the visit, Prof. Hawking made it known that he had supported the theory of Black Hole ( or Big Bang ) for 30 years but then eventually he changed his support for it. )

Yet almost at the same time of Stephen Hawking speech at the Convocation Hall, a little booklet called The Regenerating Universe was registered and published in Hong Kong. The booklet contains a new theory of the universe (or a brief sketch of it, which is now greatly extended in these web-pages). It is new because it offers an entirely different model of universe more than half a century after the theory of big bang.... It was written by the author of the present Website, a retired Mechanical Engineer, an old boy of the Loughborough University, UK. This was March of 1998 and within almost the same month earlier two other significant events had occurred in the world of space science. The first was the discovery by the American Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Key Project Team scientists that the expansion of the universe, instead of slowing down as expected, was in fact expanding in acceleration. The scientists came to that conclusion after 8 years observation with the space telescope. This finding was soon confirmed by the Southern European Observatory group of scientists. The second event, which was equally significant, took place in Washington, which marked an important stride in the history of human interest for the cosmos. The authorities of 16 nations of Space Administration gathered in this American Capital, and on 29th of Jan 1998 together they signed a Memorandum of Understanding to construct an International Space Station with combined resources.

This joint venture immediately proceeded with astonishing speed that merely two years later the main components of the Station were already operating in space orbit. This Station when finished would be bigger than a football field and visible to the unaided naked eye like a bright star in the sky. images/newfeature.jpg Meanwhile in another part of the world, China also orbited an unmanned space capsule in Nov 1999, which was recovered from space 6 days later. It was China’s initial attempt to construct their own space station. All these things mentioned above have one thing in common. It shows that earthlings are space bound, and from here on would likely never look back again. The 5000 years old civilized human, perhaps the youngest baby in the obviously big cosmic family, is no longer crawling and confined to the ground. He has learned to stand up and take his first stride in space. Very soon he will be free to come and go in the great universe. So mankind has come to the corner stone in history when it is absolutely important that we should have a true and practical concept of what is really going on in the universe, a concept that is preferably agreeable by all scientists and understandable to all people. Also, someday possibly we would want to know how and why does the universe exist. Then ultimately, we would want to understand why are we here. But of course, only one thing at a time and the first things must come first. For the time being we must learn all abut the energies in nature so that by which we may communicate and later commute in the universe.

The Regenerating Universe is a relatively simple and down-to-earth theory of the universe. It is based on known facts of science, direct observations and common sense. The booklet of Regenerating Universe, mentioned above, was written in a hurry because prior to that the writer had sent a draft to United Nations, and it seemed to have started attentions. So the booklet was written and printed only for the purpose of copy right registration in early 1998 following the regulations of the Hong Kong authorities at the time. So some supporting writings had to be added later, which were called Supplementary Notes. Actually the first brief description of the theory was not meant as a cosmological theory, but amidst some political writings back in 1989. This booklet is currently undergoing a complete rewrite. However, before that is done and in response to Prof. Hawking's timing of prediction, further supplementary materials were written as support to the theory just before the official closure of the 20th century. Some of these materials are now scattered in the various pages in this website. Part of that is given here in this starting page, which composes of the following ideas:- The Components of the Universe and The Structure and Interactions of the Universe. In short, this theory was not born as an indoctrinated cosmological theory, but over the years it has been inspired by various events and developments in space science, which encouraged it to evolve into an independent model of universe. As it is still evolving and improving all the time, so it badly needs orders and organization in its presentations...

1) The components of universe:-

The universe is an existence composed of two clearly real components. They are the Mass and the Energy. Mass may be termed as Physical Mass, and Energy includes Physical Energy and Metaphysical Energy. Mass and Energy are the only two physical parts of nature, which interact between each other to produce physical changes and events of all kinds within the great universe. Although the interplay of things and the forces that empower the changes take place in numerous levels and stages producing endless complexities and perplexity of physical phenomena, they are nevertheless the resultant intercourse of two fundamental parts of the universe only, the mass and the energy and nothing else. In the meantime, because they are both physical and real, their marriage gives birth to physical changes and all changes take place on the physical plane. Therefore, they involve physical space. Consequently, all masses have physical spaces, and what's more, all energies too have physical spaces, although they are forever intertwined together, not only in the external atomic level, but also in the internal atomic level. Within the atom there are also active interplays between mass and energy. In the end it boils down to the fact that physical space, or just space is the intrinsic physical property of mass and energy. If you were to take the "space" out of mass or energy, then nothing exists any more. That is why in reality there is no such a thing as "empty space" to be occasionally occupied by masses or energies. So again, if you were to take both mass and energy out of the universe, then there would be nothing left, not even space, become space does not exist alone.... The term Space can become quite misleading, because unlike Time, it is used to denote two different aspects in scientific discussions. One is to denote the actual physical dimensions of mass and energy, usually combined because in every mass there is energy. While the other is used as an abstract term to all spatial references. The former is a reference for certain physical or corporal reality, and the later is an abstract reference, which may come with Time as a pair of abstract measuring tools. They are indispensable, but nevertheless abstract, because as references they possess neither mass nor energy. Let's look a bit closer...

For many centuries Time and Space have been the subject of debate by scientists and philosophers alike. Indeed, a final consensus is still in the making. Newton declared Space and Time as eternal and immutable ingredients in the makeup of the cosmos, pristine structures lying beyond the bounds of question and explanation. He wrote in his Principia, " Absolute Space, in its own nature, without relation to anything external, remains always similar and immovable. Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external." However, Gottfried von Leibniz and others disagreed, claiming that time and space are merely book-keeping devices for the convenience of describing relationship between objects and events in nature. I agree in part with the later school of thought, Time is regarded here in this writing as a completely abstract device, because Time has no physical existence and no intrinsic energy. Therefore, it does not exist in the real physical world. It is in fact a human abstract invention used to identify nature's passing events, and clocks, water clocks, sun dials or atom clocks, calendars, time zones or whatever, are devices meant to represent timing. They may represent tine, but they are not Time, because you can burn all the clocks in the world, or change the time zones as you like, but you cannot change what they represent. Time alone remain untouched. What then is time? Time is the passing stars and constellations when you are alone on a raft floating on the boundless ocean before the invention of watch. Or equally, time is also the Stone Hinge, with which the early English people could say " Well, when stars of Orion were on the northern tip of the Stone in the Hinge, the Dinosaurs were done for.... ". So, Time and all the clocks in the world are really none other than the none stop progression of realities, or events of nature...

The term "Space", as already said, is even more misleading. Unlike the term "Time", space refers to the physical dimensions, or the corporal extension of mass, or energy, or both, since both mass and energy are interchangeable and usually co-exist concurrently. In this case "Space" is physical and inseparable from Mass and Energy. Because physical things are not "in space", Space is, in actual fact, the sizes or measurements of those things. Because space does not exist alone without a physical attachment, therefore there is no such a thing as "empty space". What we call Space is completely and entirely the physical part of either matter or energy. This is what Space really is! When I grew up, I had simply acquired bigger dimensions and more physical space. When I walk down the street, my physical space always walk down with me and displaces whatever other volumetric spaces that was there before me. What actually makes the matter misleading is a habitual misconception. The term "Space" is often used by itself alone without attachment or reference to a particular matter or energy. Such an abstract Space is usually used to represent a non-existent empty space, or as a descriptive noun for an imaginary spatial realm, or as a pure mathematical denotation. It becomes a reference used to generalize all measurements. Since there is no empty space in existence, every tiny bit of space is physically attached to some mass with energy with it (each atom has some energy), or some energy with mass in it (a quantum of energy has duel nature of a wave or a particle). Even the vacuum is a physical volume with negative energy or some particles or anti-particles in it. So the great cosmic space is not so empty at all. It is completely filled with invisible solid/gas atoms and transmissible waves. If the spatial realm were not physically filled with energy volumes, then transmission waves cannot propagate and pass on energies, in that case, we would not be able to see light or hear sounds, and the universe, or the galaxies would not expand....

It is therefore important to bare in mind that time is always an abstract term as it has no physical existence and no intrinsic energy, and space is usually used in two ways to express two situations, one is all about physical existence and the other all about abstract existence. Of course, when it is used for physical existence, then space is subject to dynamic changes under all kinds of internal and external conditions. Internally it depends on what kinds of substance, and what physical states the substance is in, i.e. solid, liquid or gaseous, while externally, it depends on temperatures, pressures and external forces, etc., etc. But when Space is used to describe an abstract existence, then Space, just like Time, has departed from the real world. It becomes without physical form, nor mass, nor energy. Abstract matters do not play a role in nature's interactions, nor do they exert any influence to the physical world. Abstract space is a universal reference to a physical substance, while physical space comes with a substance. All physical existence possesses physical dimensions or physical space. Therefore, at the end of the day, there is no “empty space”. A space may appear empty, yet it is not. Therefore, the cosmic space is not an empty space. It is full of such displacements or volumes of particle-energies invisible to the human eye.

However, without the description of dimensions the physical existence would become indefinite, and the human senses of timing and spacing would be lost and undefined. What's more, when spatial and temporal measurements are used as a universal references, such as 'a measuring rod' without any physical descriptions, then it represents the abstract term 'length'. Such referential dimensions should remain abstract and unaffected by external influences, such as the speed, or acceleration, even temperature, or pressure. However, the moment any external influences are involved, then the 'measuring rod' automatically turns into a steel ruler, or a wooden yard stick, because it would depend on a lot of things, i.e. what kinds of physical properties and physical states, as well as what prevailing external conditions.....

As nature is a continuous exchange between mass and energy, nothing remains the same or fixed in the evolving course of nature. A descriptive of interval or intervals is needed to describe the exact progression or events in nature. This is the use of Time. Without the human invention of timing, nature would not stop to progress, but then nature's event progression would become indefinite and undefined to the human concept. However, clocks are devices that represent timing, they are needed to identify a temporal point or duration in the manifestation of events, not just one event, but all concurrent events. If time could dilate, then nature's events must all slow down, concurrently. If speed could slow down time, then speed could also change the progression of reality.... Time cannot exist as an independent duration or a moment of non-event. In other words, it does not exist unless it describes certain periods or events of nature. So, in fact, time does not exist at all in the real world! What really exist in the real world is a progression of non-stop events, or perpetual realities.….

Until the day when it is proven that the Law of Conservation is no longer valid, we are compelled to rationalize that whatever already existing in the universe could never simply disappear into nothingness, not even one atom, let alone the whole big universe. Yet, if the universe with all its masses, energies and events cannot disappear, then in which case, time, as normally perceived, would become infinitive. If time is infinitive then it is impossible to fix a beginning or an end, and it cannot be switched on for one period of nature's existence and then switched off for another period. So if the Law of Conservation is true, then the age or the total time of universe would become infinitive. In fact, "Infinity" is a reality in life, which we cannot deny, because we are all born into the infinity of things, of events, and of such infinite knowledge that surround our entire lives. No one can possibly be an exception! So if things in our lives are forever countless, then it is scientifically correct to regard the conditions of our existence as infinitive, and it's not illogical or unreal to assume that the universe is infinitive!

Since Mass and Energy are interchangeable, which is a fact observable in daily life, e.g. food and drink give energy. Then it is theoretically possible, though not necessarily probable, that the universe could have been at some stage in the past consisted of either purely mass or purely energy. Therefore, for the sake of argument it is just as valid to hypothesize that the universe had begun with pure energy as it had been hypothesized that it had started with a Singularity of Mass. The Big Bang Singularity theory came into being only because and after Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the universe. However, the big secret of the universe lies in what really causes the expansion of the universe. If that could be explained then the entire structure of the universe and its fate would become clear.

What is the universe anyway? Since empty space cannot exist, then in the hypothetical big bang universe the universe was once just as tiny as the singularity itself before it exploded. After the explosion, where did the pieces of singularity fragments go? Into non-existent empty space? Or where or how did the materials in the early universe inflate into? Since nothing else was there at the beginning! I think the theory is responsible for some explanations.... Well, brushing these questions aside, let's see, what could cause the expansion of the universe? Energy, of course! Without energy to interact nothing could ever happen. Not even big bang! But what is energy really made of? Nature is abound by a whole family of kinetic energies possessing transmissible characteristics. It is these kinetic energies that give cosmological life to the universe. These energies are for instance light, sound, heat, radio-wave, gravitation, microwave, and other electromagnetic forces or radiations... etc, etc.. They are always found to exist in the form of elementary mass/force particles transported in waves or in packs or in quanta. Each of these energies possesses specifically defined characteristics of its own, such as frequency, wave length, amplitude, magnitude, etc., etc.,.. They are all actually nature's energies of transmission. These energies may be transmitted, relayed, resonated, amplified and ultimately passed on through space to great distances. Without them matters would have to be in some form of direct contact or impact in order to pass on energy between each other. In short, without them our universe would be completely dark, cold, silent and motionless, and there would be no expansion of the universe. As to how these energies come into being and how they affect the entire universe? These are the main concerns of the present theory. It is partly explained in the bits and pieces of the Regenerating Universe booklet as well as in the different parts and pages of writings contained in this Website.

Well then, how do such transmission energies come into being? There are so many of them. A great deal of them have been successfully reproduced and recreated by scientists and engineers through elaborate designs and procedures, such as radio, television signals, or X-ray, even visible lights and other electromagnetic signals. These wave signals may be easily modified from analogue to digital as well.. The big question is that could all these finely defined wave energies, including gravitation, have been created during a great violent explosion at the start of the universe? If not, then where in the universe could these finely defined energies and their transmission characteristics have been created or manufactured? It doesn’t seem that there are many places in the universe where such universal wave making phenomena could have taken place. Then again if we took away these transmission energies, then there would be no energy in space and there would be no expansion of the universe at all.

Now, the central idea of The Regenerating Universe Theory (for sake of convenience let's give it a nick name T.R.U.TH) suggests that in fact each galaxy is a manufactory as well as a relaying station of transmission energies in nature. As materials such as planetary bodies are pulled closer into the spiral of a galaxy, they are crushed and their nuclear energies released from their atomic bondage, the center of the galaxy becomes a hot and violent reactor of elementary particles and energies. The angular momentum of such mixture of disintegrated particles and energies would distribute them through a structural symmetry of the galactic force field. This force field is a dynamic symmetry with 12 equal angles. The 12 equal angles are formed by distribution of energies seeking balance within the field. They represent the resultant structure of a dynamically balanced force field. This symmetrical geometry is consisted of 4 equilateral triangles or 3 right angle squares concurrently present. In fact, it can concurrently accommodate all the fundamental geometries of balance in nature, i.e. 2 hexagons, or 3 right angle squares, or 4 equilateral triangles, or 6 oppositions, as well as one 12 angled symmetries, all of these symmetries can occur concurrently.... It is therefore the most stable geometry of dynamic balance (Please read details on Contents Page # 6 "Where and how are cosmic waves (electromagnetic) created?). images/GalaxyMiracle-G.gif

Now for the ease of reference I shall call it "The Miracle-12", which is symbolized by the graphic on the left. As the more galactic masses are continuously pulled by gravitation and spiraled into the galactic central region, they are converted into particles and energies, and finally all masses are converted into pure energy flux. The stronger the force field becomes, the stronger the dynamic symmetry will become. It is in this powerful structural symmetry of galactic force field that particles-energies mixtures are formulated into precise waveforms and then emitted through the polar planes into space. The waves are formed because at each angular division of this field structure a pulse or a wave is generated. These waves are forced to emit into cosmic space. The process is similar to the generation of electric current by an electric generator. The whole process may be looked upon in the following manner:-

Wherever there is an angular motion formed by spiraling cosmic bodies in stable orbits, there is a dynamic equilibrium in the making, then there is also a field symmetry present. The symmetry will be at its most stabilized structure when it forms 12 equal angular divisions, especially when there are no external forces to disturb it. The relay of transmission energies (especially short waves) produced by the galaxies reach into every corner of the entire universe, so that there is no empty space left in the universal realm. Similar energies may notch into each other's waveforms and frequencies. Thus the universe is filled with energies resonating dynamically in synchronization. Energies of similar characteristics can modify or cancel each other out. As similar waveforms mutually resonate, that is why each galaxy is not only a reactor that converts mass to energy, it also manufacture the transmission wave energies, and in the meantime, it is also an amplifying and relaying station for energies of similar transmission characteristics.

The dynamic field structure are often reflected as rays of light forming a symmetrical star, like reflection of a stationary street light, or the lights reflected from a car headlight, or the blinking light of a distant heavenly star (Solar planets do not blink!). For similar reasons the rain droplets falling from space are often chilled and crystallized into snow-flakes, shaped into a symmetry reflecting the energy field from whence they fall and crystallize. images/6FoldStar.gif

The more understandable example of such a force field is the one surrounding planet Earth. It is the Zodiac along the Ecliptic where the solar planets move. The Zodiac is divided exactly into twelve equal 30° angles. It reflects the energy field structure surrounding our planet Earth. It has been known for millenniums that exactly at each ingress of the zodiacal division the solar energy would change, followed by the change of seasons and temperatures, e.g. on such days such as the Vernal Equinox, the Autumnal Equinox, the Summer Solstice and the Winter Solstice, etc.. These sudden changes of seasonal conditions are clearly understood by weather scientists and farmers everywhere. It is also the reason why the calendar is created and divided into 12 months by all cultures in human civilization. images/4Stars-Fin.gif

Therefore, the Zodiac is not just a great circle that describes the names and places of stars and images/12Star-Fin.gif

Constellations. It is in fact the geometry of the great force field surrounding our Earth. The Zodiacal change of energy is one example of how the transmission energies are created. Only in this example the wavelength is one sidereal month of solar travel and the frequency is twelve or 12 fluctuations per year (such long wavelength energies are too weak to travel across the galactic realms . That's why only light waves, other electromagnetic waves dominate the nature, because their wavelengths are extremely short and their strength are extremely powerful. Gravitation has a long reach because of its capacity to relay with similar neighboring waves. )

Scientists use Hubble Space Telescope to observe galactic lights as far as about 12/13 billion light years away. Now, the speed of light is about 300,000 kilometers, or 186,000 miles per second. There are about 31 million seconds in a single year. Multiplying the two figures together and the product is the distance of one light year only. Imagine what colossal amount of energy must be required to send a beam of light, or anything to travel at the speed of light for one whole year. The nearest star to us is called Alpha Centauri. What we see of this star has taken 4.29 years to reach us. Now register the starlight of Alpha Centauri in your mind and let it be an average starlight. Then imagine what strength of luminosity there must be to send light from an average star over the distance equivalent to 3 billion times the distance of Alpha Centauri from us (say roughly13 billion light years) and still be seen at the far end? But that’s not all! Now if an earthling, or if the Hubble telescope could observe the light, then everybody anywhere in the universe could see it too, as long as it is not farther away and not impeded or obstructed. This means that whatever the light source is, it must simultaneously deliver light waves to every spot on the virtual surface of an imaginary sphere with a 13 billion light years distance as radius. In other words, there are infinite numbers of tiny angles with infinite numbers of beams to send, all through such unbelievable distance and each with such unbelievable power. It would require strictly speaking infinite powers to do it. Obviously the light of any star, or any galaxy, does not possess infinite powers. Actually there is no such infinite light source in existence. This alone suggests that galactic lights might have been transmitted, amplified and relayed all along such remote distance of 13 billion light years. How else could an average star from the edge of the observable universe, assuming it to be more or less the size of Alpha Centauri, still be seen by our telescopes?

Let's take an example. The group of galaxies to which our own Milky Way belongs is the Local Group Galaxies. The nearest galaxy in this group is an Irregular galaxy named Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), which is 0.17 million light years from us. It is a bright and big galaxy as its name implies. Now let's do a little thought experiment. First, take a good look at LMC from your telescope (Don't just trust me! because I have only a picture of LMC) and register how bright the image is in your mind. Now imagine you have just moved back your telescope a distance of no more than (13 billion less 0.17 million) light years away. Now do you think you can still see LMC? Well, if you can, then the lights of that galaxy have most probably been magnified and relayed numerous times for you along their way. ..... It's a fact that light energy is transmissible and amplifiable, which should be a property shared by all electromagnetic forces. So, what if to some extent, lights had been relayed and amplified along their way? ... images/LocalGroup.gif

Of course I may be utterly wrong! But if I am right, then something else mysteriously is probably happening out there all the time....

( fig on the left shows the Local Group Galaxies, with Solar System in position.)

(The fig on the right suggests that the distance from LMC is almost negligible compared with that from the farthest galaxy observed. )

(Assuming that the remote galaxy were as bright as the LMC, which is a very bright galaxy in the Local Group galaxies. The question is could such an image of LMC as seen by a space telescope be still observable if it were to be taken a further distance of some 13 billion Light years away? It seems impossible unless the lights have been relayed and amplified all the way along its dispatch, considering that light travels at the speed of 300,000 kilometer per second and there are some 31 million seconds in one year. At any rate, one expects that all wave energies in motion within the cosmic environment would lose strength eventually along dispatch, but the transmission of light seems to remain constant even after dispatch of 13 blys. There are two reasons. Firstly, the same spectrum of electromagnetic radiations is generated by every galaxy and transmitted to every corner of the universal ream. Secondly, the dispatch of light waves is relayed and strengthened by similar waves already in transmission everywhere... And further still, the spectrum of visible light consists of a spectrum 7 colors each with its precise and specific wavelength and frequency. Within each of the 7 colors. as each component decreases its wavelength, its frequency increases correspondingly, thus maintaining the speed of transmission constant. This is a proof that the huge electromagnetic spectrum is pulsed and generated by a dynamic symmetry, the Miracle-12, existing at the interior of the galaxy where galactic masses are converted into electromagnetic waves and dispatched into space through the areas of least resistance, i.e. the galactic axis (Big Bang explosion cannot do it).... The spectrum of light transmission is not visible to the human eye, unless it is reflected to the retina by a material surface... So, when you strike a stick of match, there is no means and impossible for the match chemical energies to instantaneously transform themselves into exact and smoothly scaling waves for the eye to see. It is the gas particles that reflect the light waves already in transmission at the spot. Therefore, at all times and in all cosmic space the transmission of electromagnetic waves pervades.)

Many years ago scientists proposed that the cosmic space is filled with a medium called “Aether”, or "Ether". Then for a slightly different reason Einstein thought the space were filled with a measure of energy called “the Cosmological Constant”, which supports the static universe from collapsing into itself because of gravitation. Both these ideas are apparently close to T.R.U.TH, yet in fact different. What they both tried to relate are the transmission of energy waves and the transmission characteristics. In other words, they are transmission of Quantum energies, which also means that the cosmos is completely made of propagating waves of photons and other energy waves, such as sound waves. If all the known energies of transmission were taken away, the space would have no energy left to transmit to anywhere and between anything. However, if we do accept the theory of wave generation at the galactic force fields as described here, then the search for the Theory of Everything (TOE) has found a possible logical base, because we have just pointed out where all things in the universe end up and how all forces are originated! images/TOE-F.jpg

Now we can move on to investigate more about the hypothetical Black Hole and the reality of Gravitation.

OK, Now as masses are converted into a mixture of hot particle-energies, spiraling towards the center of the galaxy. At some points the moving mixture must reach the speed of light, but as the photons and other particles cannot suddenly stop or slow down, they must continue to speed in acceleration, particularly when there is a sudden release of the Strong Nuclear Force, which bonds the atoms. This would power the traveling mixture to exceed the speed of light. (Note:- The theory that the speed of light is the ultimate limiting speed of all motions in the universe was a personal belief by Einstein. There is nothing in science, which can explain why nature's energies of acceleration or any linear velocities should be limited by the speed of wave transmission). At this point the photons moving with a departure speed greater than the speed of light cannot be observed. Therefore beyond this region there would appear to be a real black hole, or dark hole. However, This black hole is different from the usual textbook Black Holes, which is created by a gravitational singularity, so let's call that "Gravitational Black Hole (GBH)". Meanwhile the unobservable hole at the galactic center, which is formed not by gravitation singularity but by mass-energy traveling beyond the speed of light. Let's call it "Observational Black Hole (OBH)". An OBH has nothing to do with collapsing stars, or curvature of space.

Somewhere during the course of collision and crushing of galactic materials, a stage would reach when the energies that bond the atoms must be decoupled or released, because all atoms will be decomposed and converted into pure energies. When this happens, a huge increase of volume and pressure would appear in that region, and of course there would be a large increase in emission of radiation waves. If the increase is gradual, this phenomenon is seen as the bipolar bulge of halo at the central region of most normal galaxies, such as our Milky Way galaxy, which extends to a distance of about 1000 light years. If the increase of emission is sudden, then jets of rapid radiation can be seen at the central axis of an active galaxy. The central halo bulge of a galaxy should consist mainly of radiation and radioactive waves and particles, but certainly not large pieces of materials because they would have been already completely converted into energies by the extremes of violence and temperatures at the galactic center. Such an elementary particle collider at the galactic center would be millions, even trillions times bigger and more powerful than the LHD (Large Hadron Collider) currently being built at the CERN (The European Laboratory for Particle Physics) in Geneva. Nevertheless, since the universe is consisted of only galaxies and cosmic space, the galactic centers are the regions where both speed of motion and magnitude of energy are at an ultimate state. It also means that since all visible galactic centers restrict the speed and energy to an ultimate but realistic state, there is neither unlimited power, nor unrealistic energy, such as a singularity, or Black Hole Singularity, in the entire observable universe. Otherwise, the state and phenomena of the universe would render themselves indescribable and unscientific... (Please read more by clicking the Contents Page #6 "Where and how are Cosmic waves (electromagnetic) created?").....

In the theory of Regenerating Universe, the term "Energy" includes the physical energy and the metaphysical energy, hence if there is a physical universe, then in parallel there should also be a metaphysical universe. However, I shall only mention the name here, and leave the detailed explanations for some other days and in some other setting.

It is estimated that our Sun loses some 400 million tons of mass every day due to radiation of energy only. This is an enormous amount of pure energy, even when a small amount of mass is transformed into energy, the resultant atomic energies released can be enormous, such as a nuclear weapon..... The universe is so full of energy transmission, and so powerful that no matter how far one looks the cosmic objects are always round and spherical, because they are formed into spheres by their internal gravitation and by external cosmic pressure when their cores are hot and molten. It is analogous to the surface tension of a liquid droplet forming a sphere in the atmospheric pressure on earth. It would be nice if only we could use such external energy to sail or propel a rocket or a spaceship. Perhaps someday we could, after we have learned all about energies, at least about the solar energies, because the Sun's emission is so strong that it can be seen pushing the millions of miles of comet tail to travel ahead of the heavier comet body. It would appear somewhat that the tonnage of the comet tail must be a lot more than our spaceship!

The years before Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of the universe, the universe was thought to be static. Einstein thought that the galaxies must be supported by some energy, which he called the Cosmological Constant, otherwise the galaxies would have collapsed into each other under their gravitation. Hubble's discovery must have noticeably shocked Einstein into a hasty withdrawal of the idea. Actually conceptually Einstein's genius was not too wrong after all, except that the universe instead of being static is in fact dynamic, and not only dynamic but also in dynamic equilibrium. The difference is that the energy that was thought to be holding up the static universe is now much bigger. It is pushing the universe to expand instead of holding it in place. What's more, the energies must be emitted by the individual galaxies depending on their size and strength. This causes the distance between the galaxies to expand without a referential center. Thus the universe appears to be rather well spaced and dotted with galaxies, although there are also some congested portions . This is in fact what we do see through the telescope. We do not see one galaxy being some billions of times bigger than another. The reason is probably because the transmissible energies not only cause the galaxies to float away in acceleration, but they are synchronized in such a way, which causes the energies between galaxies to even out, and in time slowly the sizes of galaxies are also reasonably even out. Alternatively, perhaps the core activities of a hugely oversized galaxy would be too violent to stabilize and therefore would split, or broken up into smaller galaxies. Meanwhile the very small pieces of galactic masses would have been absorbed by the bigger ones through gravitational pull. Eventually the whole mature system of galaxies and galactic clusters would reach a dynamic equilibrium. Thus, as a whole there is a general balance in the distribution of mass and energy everywhere in the universe. The expansion of the galaxies is just a phenomenon showing that transmission energies from the individual galaxy are acting on other galactic masses causing the entire network of galaxies to move or to expansion with acceleration. This also means that through out the entire universe energies are interacting and seeking dynamic balance. Meanwhile as the energy transmission spreads out in all directions, therefore the average microwaves coming from the entire remote universe would appear to be uniform and rather smoothly distributed in all directions.

The universe is very remote indeed. We can only estimate the distance through the use of Red Shift, but there are numerous galaxies in the universe, all of which are receding away from each other in acceleration. And unless the energies that empower their mutual expansion are used up, the acceleration of galactic recession will continue. It would in turn mean that unless all galactic masses are converted into transmissible energies and all galaxies have disappeared, the expansion of universe will continue in acceleration. So far the amount of Red Shift observed indicates that modern telescopes have practically seen the remote end of the observable universe. Beyond that, there are still unknown numbers of receding galaxies, which cannot be observed because the speed of light has become too slow to reach earth for our observation. Now, imagine that there are numerous galaxies from earth to the observable edge of universe and beyond it, each galaxy is receding away from its neighbor with acceleration, so by adding up the numerous successions of receding speed plus numerous successions of separating acceleration together, there must come a time when a certain remote galaxy must be receding away from us with speed greater than light. Why? Because, firstly, as long as there are galaxies to be seen, they will continue to generate transmissible energy to empower further accelerations, and secondly, there is nothing in space that could stop or retard the acceleration...

The truth is that in any vast space where there are transmissible energies interacting, any fluctuation of energy would cause portions of uneven energies and therefore uneven stages of evolution. For instance, there are different areas of pressures in earthly atmosphere causing storms and weathers. Consequently, we are led to deduce that the universe must consist of numerous portions in different stages of evolution. We are in fact living in one portion of the universe, which is already too big for us to observe wholly, and that there are numerous bi and small portions, but which we are unable to detect. The universe is therefore not an Entity, it is either unimaginable in size or it is an Infinity in time, in space and in physical existence. This reminds me of a little story about Mr. Frog who lives at the bottom of a well. Mr. Frog would often look up the sky from his lodge and marvel at the immensity of what he sees and then describes to friends that he has seen the limits of the universe. images/Frog.jpg

The left fig: - Mr. Frog says to friends "I have seen the limits of the universe. Believe me, 'tis so-o-o big!" (originated from a Chinese legendary proverb)

However, what would happen if the galaxies ran out of steam? This has to happen someday, as sooner or later a group of hot galaxies will run out of energy to radiate and stop pushing each other. There time would come when the expanding galaxies hesitate to expand and the acceleration would slow down to a stop. Then after that they would have to move closer together, because they would now be pushed by energies coming from the surrounding portions of the universe. Further more, even without external energy the group’s internal gravitation would pull the galaxies to move towards each other (Note:- Gravitation always exists as long as there are mass left and there are transmission of energies from other universal portions, because gravitational waves are secondary waves created by Strong Nuclear Force vibrating in resonance with cosmic radiations. Please read page # 13) The nature and origin of gravitation?). At this point, the observable universe would appear to be a Contracting Universe. A contracting portion of universe has no energy to send out and therefore cannot be detected or observed by other parts of the universe, which is another reason that we cannot determine the limits of the universe and must regard it as infinite.

Anyhow, the closer the galaxies move towards each other, the greater the acceleration would speed up. Then a series of things would happen. Because of the difference in mass and energy, which is bound to cause somewhat uneven contraction, some galactic masses would have crashed prematurely causing explosions, while other oncoming galactic masses would crash into the exploding or exploded masses. The remaining contracting galaxies would continue to rush towards each other. The faster they accelerate the greater the eventual impact would be. As the galactic masses, their momenta, their speeds and their distances from each other are different, a series of big and small collisions would occur at different time intervals. Some explosions are nuclear with chain reactions, and others are not. Some would even miss the general explosions or collisions, such as those galaxies positioned at the rim of an universal portion. These border line galactic objects would have a greater possibility of missing the entire fire-works, thus leaving some very old galactic masses (older than 13 to14 billion years, which are the left-over objects from the previous universal regeneration) still to be seen in the starry community, such as an invisible dark masses in space, or something even more weird. Such a scenario would have caused also the possible slightly uneven distribution of galaxies in the eventually stabilized universal portion, such as the Super Clusters of galaxies, the Great Walls or the Voids in the large scale placing of the universe. In short, as long as there are other universal portions, which are unobservable to us, they can address or answer any kind of diversity in nature's phenomena...

Nevertheless together they would give birth to a new portion of the universe, which is now hot and active again. Only the cosmic masses of this new portion would not have exactly the same constituent and physical properties, because they are not created under exactly same conditions. Of course, at first the new galactic masses would not form mature galaxies with spirals yet. They are unable yet to generate wave energies or transmissible energies until they have started to rotate in angular momentum. This also means that theoretically there would not even be light or gravitational forces at first, because both light and gravitation are waveform energies. However, thanks to mother nature who has endowed the atoms in all materials with electrons and protons carrying electric charges. As these electric charges are in motion they induce magnetic moments perpendicular to the angular motions of the charged particles, and create magnetic poles. Then moving magnetic moments induce secondary electric charges also perpendicular to the magnetic moments. These mutual induction would initiate spiral motions within and between the new masses. In time they would form star masses and then evolve into active galaxies. Then they would adjust between themselves to smoothen out mass distribution, thus forming another mature expanding universal portion, in which galaxies are more or less the same, as masses and energies are again in dynamic balance.

The cycles of regeneration and evolution of universal portions repeat, because as long as galaxies are young, hot, strong and their energy emission is greater than gravitation, they are forced to separate by their own energy emission. Then sooner or later they would cool down and become weakened, allowing gravitation to take over and regeneration of portion to take place. At any rate, when a new cycle starts, then due to both internal pull and external push, newly recycled hot materials would eventually evolve into spiraling galaxies. As the stars of this new universal portion are born more or less together, they would run out of steam again more or less together, causing regeneration in portions after portions of the universe and again and again. The universe would therefore look like a endless swarm with bubbling portions. Whatever that are inside the bubbles, they would try to maintain some kind of balance internally, but the portions are also subject to the pressure of the entire universe. The fact that materials in planets and stars are made of same material elements with properties that obey the physical laws we can predict is the proof that they have under gone numerous repeats of regenerations. Consequently evolution and regeneration of universal portions seem to be the only plausible description for the perpetually dynamic structure of the infinite universe, because each portion works like a single wave in the boundless and perpetually dynamic ocean. Therefore as long as energies in the universe are dynamic, the materials in the universe will group and fluctuate in waves or portions. What's more, only a regenerating universe in dynamic equilibrium can address the reasons for the predictable properties and functions of materials, the laws of science and physics, the cause and the effect, even the balance in metaphysical laws.... all of which depicts the essence of continuous regeneration and evolution as well as the equilibrium in nature... The Cosmo-logical Theory is the logical description of the Cosmos. It must remain true and comprehensible to the timeless human logics. What's more, nature would never be called "Nature", if the theory about it is unnatural. And the universe would not be "Universe", if it is not shared by all....

At this point some readers would say I have just put it in such a way as if the nature can think for itself and plan all the events and interactions. True enough! There must be some millions of species of animals and insects on our planet that are thinking right now how to get around and make a living. There are probably many more millions of plants and vegetations that are scheming how to compete and perpetuate their species too. In fact, animals, vegetables and minerals are all made of the same atoms with living energies in them. You and I, together with all that's on our Earth and in Solar System, are but tiny star-dusts in one of the active and maturing portion inside the immense universe. We don't think of it everyday, because it would take super science to discern ourselves from our true origin.... It is difficult to perceive the entire universe, yet we can use our power of vision, however limited it might be, to deduce, as long as we stay within the logics of the cosmos.