20) The Regenerating Universe or Accelerating Universe in a Nutshell.   

( This page has been rewritten .... July 2006 )

This entire website is all about the regeneration of the universe and about the recent telescopic observation that the galaxies are receding away from each other already at the speed of light, and yet the speed of recession is still increasing. For that reason the universe has recently acquired the new name, i.e. the Accelerating Universe. Since all pages are already related in discussions of these topics, I shall only high-light some vital points here to emphasize why the universal expansion is accelerating with speed greater than light, and above all, why it is a Regenerating Universe. Let's start with the Accelerating Universe. 

The Accelerating Universe.    

In recent years, both American Space Telescope and European ground based telescopes have reported that the remotest receding galaxies are observed to have reached the distance of about 12/13 billion light years away. This is approximately the distance called the Hubble Radius, at which the receding speed of galaxies is already equal to the speed of light, and yet the speed of recession is observed to be increasing. This is not surprising because light transmission may be relayed and strengthened by Constructive Interference, therefore theoretically light may be transmitted continuously and indefinitely. There is no limit to the transmissible distance of light. However, the distance of Hubble Radius is the maximum distance observable from earth. Beyond this limit, light signal from the receding galaxies is not fast enough to reach us. It appears that present telescopic technology has achieved the capacity to see or reach the maximum limits of our vision.  Yet it is reported that the expansion of universe continues to accelerate in speed... 

Left fig. is the symbolic graph of the so called Hubble Sphere. The circle/sphere represents the theoretical limit of the observable universe. Within the circle A = speed of galactic recession slower than the speed of light (in vacuum). Outside the circle B = speed of galactic recession faster than the speed of light. At the radius of circle is the Hubble Radius where C = recession speed of galaxy equal to the speed of light. 

The above also means that speed of recession between galaxies can and do exceed the speed of light. This is because each galaxy converts mass to energy and turn energy into electromagnetic wave transmission, which may be relayed and strengthened to an indefinite distance. Electromagnetic energy transmission exerts forces not only on neighboring galaxies but also on recipient galaxies at any remote distance. That is to say, not only the transmission energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, can reach the most remote recipient galaxy at 12/13 BLYs distance, but also all the nearby galaxies at remote distances are exerting forces on the last observable galaxy, causing it to recede away in continued acceleration. Therefore, viewing from earth, the remotest galaxy must recede with a speed faster than light. This proves that the speed of light is not the top limiting speed of all motions in the universe. It also renders Einstein's mathematics for both Special and General Relativities to be unreal and imaginary, because the mathematics of Relativities are based on the hypothesis that the speed of light cannot be superceded. Meanwhile, since Black Hole Singularity and Big Bang Universe are all derivatives of Relativities, the recent telescopic observations also remove the theoretical back ground of those theories. Please read detailed explanations in page 22) Problems of Big Bang universe and the timing of history. Meanwhile, the theory of Big Bang Inflation does not and cannot explain how the characteristics of the smoothly progressive spectrum of electromagnetic radiation waves come into being, while the present theory of Regenerating Universe explains adequately not only in great details how each galaxy creates the wave spectrum, or the Cosmic Microwave Radiations, but also how their continued exertion from each galaxy is causing the the galaxies to expand from each other, which is the observed phenomenon of the expanding universe. Also as a bonus, even the origin of Carbon 14 Radiation (₁₄C) and Gravitation are explained as well (Read 13) The nature and origin of gravitation?). And since electromagnetic microwaves occupy all the universal realm and their mutual exertion of energy already causes the galaxies to recede from each other, therefore the theory of Inflation becomes redundant.  

Unfortunately the capacities of human science and human instruments can only observe within the limits of the above described Hubble Sphere. How the entire universe is structured can never be observed physically. This is where human intelligence comes in handy. We all know that the power of human intellectual deduction are accurate and dependable. In fact 99.9% of our daily scientific calculations and decisions are based on logical deduction and theoretical derivations, and are always proven to be dependable. So, unless we don't want to know how our universe is structured or made of, we must use our power of deduction. That is to say, the universe must be made of regenerating parts or portions, which are beyond our capacity of physical observation. Only through perpetually repeated regenerations can the following two phenomena be possible. Firstly, only then can all materials and energies in the universe follow in perpetual regeneration. Secondly, only then can all materials and energies be exchanged in perpetual interaction to form matured and constant properties and characteristic that our science can predict. In other words, if all things in the universe are regenerating, then there must be a universal structure that enables all that to function in regeneration. Now let's take it in steps!.  

The Regenerating Universe.

The Regenerating Universe Theory is a completely factual and logical postulate, and free of any mathematical problems. It can adequately describes the state of the universe without having to rely on any impressionistic or imaginary equations and formulae. An overall description of the universe is fast becoming necessary each day, as human space probes and spaceships are already a common daily phenomenon. This website deals with such a description and explanation in simple and understandable terms. It postulates that the universe is perpetually regenerating itself, and then at the end of this page, it will try to give a simple hypothesis about the possible origin and creation of the universe.  

In order to describe the universe, this theory considers it imperative to examine first of all the fundamentals building blocks of the universe, because all nature's interactions are based and evolved from fundamental conditions. In other words, it is important to know that the most basic components of universe are built for regeneration and evolution  Then we will go on to examine whether all things within the universe have also regenerative characteristics. And finally we will confirm the overall phenomenon of universal regeneration by theory and derivation, because it is impossible to observe the universe in its complete entity, therefore, in the lack of observational evidence for the whole universe, logical visualization becomes the only way to understand the life and functions of the entire universe... Let's start with the most fundamental building blocks.

1) The fundamentals are built for regeneration.  

a) Electricity and magnetism:-  Every molecule of mass in the universe possesses electricity (proton and electron) and magnetism. Both electricity and magnetism have intrinsic properties of polarities, i.e. positive and negative electric charges as well as attractive and repulsive magnetic moments, which the very ancient Chinese cosmology (ca 5000 BC) called "Yin and Yang". Both electricity and magnetism can induce each other in alternating phases and at right angles. The interactions between them and their polarities cause spinning motions in atoms, in planets, in solar systems and in galaxies. In fact, it's most likely that the entire universe is in a perpetual spinning motion, which we cannot notice because it takes simply too long. Spinning motions of mass and energy also form dynamic symmetries that causes all the phenomena of evolution in the universe (Please read details in page 6) Where and how are cosmic waves (electromagnetic) created?).  

Left fig:- A Chinese symbol of Ying and Yang (polarities) in I-Ching (the Book of Change) depicting that all changes in nature are begun with polar forces. I have added a picture of galaxy in the center to show their similarity. 

Since all masses contain electricity and magnetism. Galactic masses, i.e. stars and planets, etc., will eventually be drawn towards the center of galaxy by their own momentum and by gravitation, where they are crushed and completely converted into electromagnetic waves, then radiated out of the galaxy into cosmic space. Electricity and magnetism are therefore not only the most fundamentals of the universe, they are also indestructible. As mass and energy are inter-convertible, they are not only the two very fundamental energies, but they are also the very fundamentals of nature. However, because electricity and magnetism are mutually inductive if set in motion. As they take turns to generate and regenerate each other, they are not only the very origin of evolution, they are also built by nature with the indestructible characteristics of regeneration. 

b) Mass and energy:-  The universe is consisted of only mass and energy. The pair represents also the very fundamental of existence in nature. It is also fundamental to nature that both mass and energy are mutually convertible. They are made to generate and regenerate in mutual interaction, and their interactions produces the entire drama of the universe. In short, the very fundamental elements of the universe and their functions are built for reversible regenerations. This is the critical origin that causes the entire universe to function, resulting in a Regenerating Universe...  

2) All things in the universe regenerate:-  

a) Inorganic chemicals:-  All metals and minerals melt under high temperatures and crystallize into solid states in low temperatures. All pure elements of nature combine with other elements to form chemical compounds, which may be reduced back into their original state as pure elements under suitable conditions. Each pure element or each chemical compound has its own predictable properties and behaviors, which are also reversible, repetitive and regenerative. 

 b) Evolution of all things and life requires repeats and regenerations of experience in order to organize and reorganize advancing evolutionary steps.  (Please read also page 15) More about 4 levels of energy and field symmetries in the universe )

 c) Organic life:- All botanical and biological lives on earth reproduce and regenerate. In fact, all lives anywhere within the universe must regenerate, otherwise these lives must live forever or go extinct. Such a universe would be unthinkable and would immediately cease to function.  Since all lives regenerate and proliferate together, they form domains or cultures depending on temperature, water, nutrients and other living conditions. Such domains and cultures also change and regenerate in more massive scale.      

3) Laws of nature, science and mathematics are completely predictable, repeatable and regenerative.

Human laws of science and logics are developed on earth and according to influences of environmental evolutions, e.g. digits of fingers, toes and mathematics are influenced by the 10 solar planets. Rules of Calendars and timing are globally influenced by motions of solar system through different civilizations. Medical sciences are influenced by physical developments in different stages of biological evolutions. In short, human understanding of nature and its laws are influenced continuously by developments in civilization. All these knowledge are gained and developed through non-stopped repetitions of regenerative cycles. Without precise laws and cycles of regeneration nature would be completely erratic, inconsistent and unpredictable. Laws of nature would not exist if the universe is a simple one way street phenomenon.  

4) The universal regenerations in cosmological scale:- 

The universe consists of galaxies, stars, planets and cosmic space. The entire cosmic space is made of continuous transmissible energy in waves. There is no empty space, because if there should be any empty space in between, then information, such as light signals, would be lost. But in every direction we look, our telescopes can see the maximum distance.  How big is the entire universe, no one knows, because the human vision can only reach the maximum of about 13 to 14 billion light years in distance. Beyond this limit the speed of light is not fast enough to reach our observation. Therefore, the regenerative cycles of the whole universe cannot be observed. We must depend on our logics and theories in order to visualize and understand the regenerative functions and cycles of the universe.

a) Regeneration of individual galaxies:-  Let's imagine that the universe is just one whole vast or endless space with galaxies distributed completely homogenously in it in a motion of mutual expansion. This is possible only if the galaxies are distributed entirely evenly and, and there is no big and small galaxies, nor any clusters of galaxies, nor any regions of universe that are scarcely  populated. But this is not the case, because there are all sorts of big and small galaxies around, and clusters of galaxies that can be observed in space. Any imbalance between the galactic distribution would in time cause large fluctuations and formation of parts or portions of the universe, although such fluctuations and movements would take unimaginable numbers of light years. There are nevertheless many reasons for such formations. Firstly, some smaller galaxies would run out of steam to emit energies to push away other galaxies, and become absorbed by crushing into bigger galaxies due to gravitation. Alternatively, a group of weakened galaxies could be pushed by other stronger galaxies to move closer and eventually crash into each other... In short, any imbalance of forces between gravitation and emission of energies would cause galaxies to shift in motions and therefore uneven distributions between them  The crushing of galaxies would regenerate new galaxies through nuclear synthesis and stellar synthesis . 

Left fig:- The Supercluster of galaxies in Virgo Constellation, showing uneven distribution of galaxies. 

b) Regeneration of regions or portions of universe:-  In any vast space where matters are mutually interacting through transmission of energies between them wave motions are formed. For instance, in the vast ocean where energies are directly linked and transmitted by volumes of water, the slightest fluctuation of energy would cause ocean wave to form. In the earthly atmospheric realm where energies are linked and transmitted through volumes of air, the slightest difference in atmospheric pressure or movements will generate waves of storms. For the same reason, in the vast universal space where matters and energies are interlinked by volumetric transmission of electromagnetic and gravitational waves, through which the universe expands and contracts, the slightest fluctuation of energy would eventually generate wave motions and form uneven regions or portions of universe.   

Besides, since there are bound to be uneven sizes and energies of galaxies, as well as uneven distribution of galactic clusters, there are bound to be formations of different masses and energies in various cosmic localities. Yet, all galaxies exert active energies, which have a maximum span of active life. The different cosmic localities or regions would have different amount energies, and would have different span of active life. A weakened region would collapse, and its galaxies would crash and explode more or less in a series of successions depending on the distance of each galaxy. The explosion would create a new active region, which we call in this theory a new  "portion" of universe. 

This huge regeneration of universal portion would again throw out uneven sizes or uneven batches of galactic materials into space. And due to the actions of stellar synthesis and nuclear synthesis now masses would be formed. Then the indestructible properties of electromagnetism would begin evolution again until the new portion of universe is full of mature galaxies. This is the regeneration of universal portions. In this new portion, new galaxies are born together at close intervals but more or less in the same period. They would all be shinning brightly like it is in our presently observable universe. For each generation of new universal portion some energies are lost to other portions. Therefore, there are of course huge portions as well as tiny portions in the universe. We are living in a super huge portion, where galaxies are generally all shining, showing that they were born more or less in the same generation. However, our portion is much bigger than merely 13/14 BLYs because beyond this limit light signal cannot reach our observation. This is one of the many reasons why we call our universe the Regenerating Universe. Because logically it has to be, even though we cannot see the whole of the universe. It has to be because 99% of our daily conclusions on science and mathematics are done through logical derivations and rational intelligence. If we cannot trust our intellectual deductions, our civilization could never have got started. 

c) Evolution requires perpetual regenerations:-  Apart from a very limited number of fundamentals in nature, such as electricity, magnetism, mass, energy and also some 112 chemical elements of nature, everything else is created into existence by evolution. Human science is developed through theoretical postulates followed by verification of facts. This means practically all what we can verify is based on acquired knowledge originated in the solar system, especially on earth. We are now barely able to physically approach or observe things that belong to other planetary systems. Yet, solar system and the earth are late comers compared with the existence of galaxies or portions of universal. The human existence is barely a recent event. Yet,  most our science, mathematics, medical science, etc., are acquired though evolution of nature. In other words, at the birth of our universal portion, there was no solar science, no earth science and no human medical science. Our digital mathematics or dozen numeric system are also evolved from the repeated experience of energies from the zodiac. Science is intrinsically a regenerative process. And for each creation or combination of new material, its new properties are repeatable and regenerative. Science is science only because it is predictable and can be trusted, reused or regenerated. 

In the above passages we have seen that every interaction in nature begins with the most fundamentals, which are already built in with indestructible capacities of regeneration. Of course, if there were no regenerative characteristics in the very fundamentals, such as electricity, magnetism, mass and energy, etc., then there would have been no regenerative cycles in all things within the universe, including regeneration in cosmological scales or in  portions of the universe. And if there were no regeneration of universal portions, then the entire universe has only one way street motion, in which case, materials from different regions of universe cannot mix, evolve, regenerate and homogenize. Meanwhile, we have just established that laws of physics are derived from physical properties of matters. For instance, earth sciences are developed on earth; botanical sciences are developed from botanical life, human medical sciences are evolved for human existence, digital mathematics are evolved from 10 solar planets. In other words, each region of universe can and does evolve its own physical laws unless its masses evolve with the  rest of universe. Alternatively, if evolution and regeneration cannot occur between all portions of the universe and over the entire universe, then physical properties and physical laws cannot evolve and homogenize all over the universe. In which case the laws of nature that we are familiar with, cannot apply to other regions or the whole of the universe. If such were the case, then science would lose its own predictability and reliability as well as its intended meanings. 

But this is not the case, because what we do know is that every single thing or every phenomenon of science in the universe are predictable. The entire universe can and does evolve and regenerate before us, therefore the physical properties may be regarded as the same all over the universe. Because only in perpetual regeneration of evolution across entire universe can nature precisely repeat all the tiny cycles and the huge cycles, not just for the very fundamentals but for everything else in the universe. Therefore, not only there must be regenerations of universal portions, but also our entire universe is a Regenerating Universe!     

Finally, where does everything come from? And how did it all begin? Some religion would have us believe that a God had created it all! But that does not answer the ultimate question. In fact, it only creates more questions. Because then who created God? Has God a family? If so, then who is His Wife or Dad, or Mum? Then somewhere there should be a world of Gods! The question or the existence of Gods only extends to bigger and newer universe... Alternatively, if God had created Himself, then it would mean that ultimately something can be created out of nothing after all! However, what if God has existed all by Himself forever and ever, then in that case, why can't the universe have existed the same way? Besides, what is God? He is nowhere to be seen!... The fact is, we are confounded with the reality that according to laws of nature, mass and energy must be totally conserved. Yet, nature does create things and life all the time. All new existences are manifesting and manifesting out of nature before our eyes. Supposing nature could have created one tiny additional atom every billion years, then in the unimaginably long lasting existence of nature, and in time, the universe would still have grown so big as it is now! And, what's more, it does not conflict with our laws of science, because our entire science and conclusions are based on unfailing proof of observations.  Because laws of nature evolve with the growth of physical existence and physical properties, just as human medical science has evolved from human existence, any tiny amount of growth over such a long duration, such as one additional atom over a billion years, neither laws of nature, nor human intelligence, would have observed or noticed any difference. The Principle of Conservation would not be physically and noticeably affected. And, in time, the laws of nature would have interpreted themselves out of the new reality....           

(All rights are reserved)