5) On Light, Origin of Light, Nature of Light and Speed of Light    

There are four basic forces in physics. They are Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Strong, and Weak forces. All the known interactions in nature can be traced to these forces, so they are called the forces of interaction. The Strong and Weak forces are active within the atom giving the atomic activities and bondage. The other two, namely, Gravitational and Electromagnetic forces, are waveform energies. Only forces in waveforms can transmit energy by propagating through space. Because there is no "empty space", so all one can see of space is in fact packed volumes of invisible waves. Light is visible only if it is directed to our retina, or reflected by some substance for us to see. Visible light is a small part of a continuous spectrum of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic force and gravitation are the two forces largely responsible for cosmological motions. Gravitational waves attract matters, while electromagnetic waves repels. Together they cause cosmological movements in the universe. 

There is a great deal to write about light, or electromagnetic waves, but in these web page we will only look into some rather uncommon aspects of these waves. Light is a small part of the continuous spectrum of electromagnetic waves, so we will consider both of them as a whole. Our interests here are as follows:- 1) The reason or origin for the seamless spectrum of electromagnetic waves.  2) The power that shifts the entire visible universe. 3) The constant speed of light, which is in fact the speed of all electromagnetic waves. 4) Is the speed of light really the maximum attainable speed in the universe? 

1) The reasons for the seamless spectrum of electromagnetic waves:-

To illustrate the generation of seamless spectrum of waves, let's use what is going on in our own solar vicinity. Surrounding our atmosphere is a path along which the sun and all solar planets move. It is called the Tropical Zodiac, or the Ecliptic. The zodiac is an energy field structure divided into 12 equal divisions, each exactly 30º, and shifting with one degree every 72 years in the direction against the solar planets' movement. It is very well known that the zodiac generates seasonal temperature changes when the sun crosses its divisions (more descriptions and explanations are given in the coming last section below). Thus the zodiacal structure of exactly 30º divisions, and the energy fluctuations caused by the solar energy interacting with the zodiacal divisions, as well as the motion of the zodiac, all show that the zodiac is a dynamic energy field symmetry. The seasonal change of temperature and energy on earth is caused by sun's interaction with the zodiacal field symmetry. 

Now, if we consider the galaxy as made of billions of zodiacs from the rim of galaxy to its center with continuously diminishing diameters, all of them containing orbiting planets and stars, including our own and generating pulses of energies resembling zodiacal seasonal changes. We would have created a mechanism in the galaxy that generates a seamless spectrum of waves from the rim to the center of galaxy with continuously diminishing wavelengths and increasing frequencies. Also the strength of waves will increase with frequency as they approach the center of galaxy. All of them emitting radiations similar to our solar wind or solar radiation (all electromagnetic waves) that we feel during seasonal changes. However, the difference is our zodiac field generates a definite rate of seasonal radiation waves produced by the motion of our sun and solar planets, but the galactic field generates a smooth and continuous spectrum of energy waves ranging from enormous wavelength and decreasing all the way to zero length. These waves are all electromagnetic waves and are emitted into space.      

Meanwhile, the continuous generation and emission of electromagnetic waves requires continuous supply of energy. However, the conversion of planetary bodies into pure energy is an inevitable event at the inner region of galactic spiral, because sooner or later masses traveling closer and closer with increasing gravitation and acceleration towards each other must crash together. Only in the galactic center they will be ground, milled as well, until all atomic binding energies, i.e. Strong ad Weak forces are completely released or decoupled from atomic bondage. Spiraling pure energy flux through the angular divisions of force field symmetry from outer region of galactic field towards the inner center therefore generates a seamless and progressive spectrum of energy waves. These are we what know as electromagnetic microwaves radiations. And because there is a continuous conversion of galactic mass to energy this is the enormous steady force that repel the galaxies to recede from each other, a phenomenon called the expansion of universe.     

left fig. is a schematic picture of a energy field symmetry Miracle-12 present at each galaxy. Energy flux passing through its angular divisions are pulsed into seamless spectrum of waves, and then pressured out through the galactic polar axis, i.e. the area of least resistance.  

The repulsive electromagnetic waves and attractive gravitational waves are the only two energies in waves that can cause large cosmological motions. Some of the higher frequency waves are powerful enough to reach into other galaxies and also to pervade our own cosmic environment, which is positioned 3/4 radius from the center of our galaxy. The electromagnetic waves not only can propagate through space, they can be interfered, relayed and amplified by similar waves from other galaxies. As it happens certain range of these waves pervade the entire cosmic realm between galaxies and through out the entire universe, which eventually cause regeneration of universal portions. They are so strong that they not only expand the whole universe, but their wavelengths and frequencies synchronize the entire spatial motions of the universe, including even the planetary orbits and the motions within the atoms, because the entire universe is synchronized by strong spatial forces and nothing else. We know this because the universe is made of galaxies and cosmic space, since the cosmic space, without any significant means, cannot produce ceaseless energy to shift the universe, the cosmic space can only act as a media, while the galaxies' conversion of mass must be the sole source and supply of colossal energies that cause the expansion of the universe... 

The scenario is not complicated. All repulsive spatial energies must be electromagnetic waves, and they can only come from within the galaxies and not from cosmic space. Wave energies from all galaxies are resonated together until the entire spatial realm is pervaded and homogenized by electromagnetic wave energies. They are so massive and continuous, it is the sole reason that the galactic lights from 13 to 14 billion light years away can be observed by earth bound telescopes. Only by converting mass to energy in nonstop fashion can have energy enough to force the galaxies to expand.  Meanwhile, wherever gravitation is stronger, as inside the galaxies, planetary bodies will attract together into a spiral. At the same time where little mass exists, as in cosmic space, the electromagnetic radiation forces are stronger, these forces expel and expand the galaxies from each other. We are talking about the shifting of the entire universe, and therefore such strength involved is colossal! Note: In the big bang or Inflation model of universe, the motion of universe can only decelerate, but our universal expansion is accelerating, which needs continuous supply and addition of energy. For details please read page 6) Where and how are cosmic waves (electromagnetic) created?  

2) The power of electromagnetic waves:- 

All animal and planet lives on earth depend on solar radiation of electromagnetic waves, which transform energy through photosynthesis and biosynthesis into physical growth. The human life and his household environment are immersed in the waves of these radiating energies. Electromagnetic wave is produced whenever an electrically charged particle, such as electron, changes its velocity. Whenever one switches on a light, or turns on a radio, or cooks a meal, a partial spectrum of electromagnetic waves is created and emitted. Common household or industrial appliances generate electromagnetic energies up to the X-ray range. Synchrotron, Cyclotrons and other atomic energy equipments produce also gamma rays. Meanwhile, in cosmic space, any acceleration and capture of charged particles by the gravitational field of a star also produces X-rays. Gamma rays are produced in space by supernovae, neutron stars or quasars, also normal galaxies, as our own. The closer to the center of a galaxy, the shorter the frequencies become and the stronger they are. So far, our instruments measure frequencies up to the range of Gamma Rays, and beyond that the frequencies are too high to be precisely measured, we simply call them "cosmic waves". In fact, these immeasurable cosmic waves are the strongest. All local events, such as household or industrial productions generate some electromagnetic waves or a partial spectrum of such waves in sporadic intervals and undefined locations. Let's call these wave products "Regional" waves. .  

All "Regional" wave radiations produced on earth or in regions of space are always found to be part or parts of the known continuous and seamless spectrum of electromagnetic waves. Solar radiations are some of these waves, often seen to force a comet tail to travel in the direction of sun's radiation, even ahead of its own comet body.

Left Fig. Shows solar radiations force the comet gas tail to travel in the direction of solar wind   

It shows that electromagnetic radiation is an energy that can repel and move objects. Only all these local emissions from earth or from any "Regional" waves here and there are unable to shift the entire mass of the universe in continuous motion and make the universe expand, although they might contribute a little bit to that total energy! Yet, the entire galaxies in the observable universe are seen to recede away from each other with regularity and in increasing acceleration.  

That is to say, the emission of electromagnetic radiations from each and every galaxy must be smooth and continuous because the expansion of universe is observed to be a linear expansion, according to Hubble's Law and the observation of Redshift. The energy must be powerful enough to push away not just the neighboring galaxies, but in fact to be powerful enough to expand the entire observable universe in concerted motion, and causing the entire network of galaxies to expand with accelerations. Of course, acceleration is caused by continuous supply of energy. 

Now, putting things together there are five rationales. 

Firstly, all these forces are electromagnetic waves, because only these waves are repulsive and can propagate through cosmic space. 

Secondly, forces can only be generated by each individual galaxy, because cosmic space without any known means or mechanism cannot generate them, and because their mutual expansion is relative to each other. 

Thirdly, forces must be so colossal that they can push the entire universe to move, since the free space, without any significant means, cannot produce such powerful energy. 

Fourthly, the energy must come from replenishing the supply by converting galactic mass to energy. Only then, the colossal amount of energy emission and the disappearance of galactic mass can be accounted for.  

And fifthly, there must be a mechanism of some sort within the galaxies to generate energy flux into progressive waveforms... (The big bang universe has no means to generate a seamless spectrum of waves)

So, what is the mechanism that generates those colossal waves? There is a detailed description and explanations in the Contents Page # 6) Where and how are cosmic waves (electromagnetic) created?.  I will only briefly mention here. Well, as all cosmic bodies spiral into the galactic center they are crushed, milled and converted into pure energy flux... 

Note: It's impossible for any old stars to remain intact in the inner region of a galaxy and to collapse into a Black Hole. The mere force of inward acceleration would have torn the aged star to pieces, just like the comet Shoemacher... At the inner region of galactic center all materials are converted to pure energy waves and emitted outwards with unbelievable power. At the center of a collapsing star the masses are bound to collide and explode outwards.  There is no chance for exploding masses to collapse inwards and form a Black Hole. If it could, then even atomic bombs would create Black Holes. On the other hand because the particle for electromagnetic wave is the weightless photon, therefore all materials are converted into pure energy. And yet a tiny amount of mass may release all its nuclear energy to become a devastating force. That's why electromagnetic radiation is so powerful that it shifts the entire expanding masses of the universe in acceleration...

These energy fluxes are then pulsed into waves by a force field symmetry, which I call the "Miracle-12". Thus, forces produced in continuous supply by converting galactic masses, (i.e. suns, planets, satellites, etc.,) are infinitely greater and more powerful than the irregular "Regional wave" products on earth or by other infrequent cosmic interactions as already mentioned. Hence, the generation of electromagnetic radiations by the galactic field symmetry must be the sole source of continuous force that cause the universe to expand with increasing speed. This can be emphasized with two strong reasons. One is that only electromagnetic force can propagate and repel matters in space. The other is that they must be a continuous cosmological force, yet strong enough to shift the entire universe, certainly not some infrequent or Regional energies. I mean what causes the universe to expand is a steady and nonstop stream of extremely powerful electromagnetic waves produced by converting mass to energy and pulsed into propagating waves through he Miracle-12, and not some sporadic bursts of regional energies, which generate only a small range of relatively lager wavelengths. Such regional bursts of energies are not strong enough to produce huge cosmological consequences.... 

At this point it is important to relate a strange fact. The human sensory system is unable to sense the colossal energies that pass through our body to cause those large cosmological consequences. Also the gravitation is holding our solar system together in place. Such energies are heavy stuffs, no? Yet, we don't notice a thing! We don't even notice gravity is pulling our body, even a whole heavy train down to earth. We also don't know that colossal forces are passing through us to shift the entire universe. We are also oblivious to the knowledge that both gravitation and electromagnetic forces are waves. Why? There are a least two reasons:- One is that the human is born in those waves, ever since he was a single cell, called sperm, then he grows up, lives and dies in those waves  A better reason is that both gravitation and its partner, the electromagnetic force, are steady, colossal but non-changing and non-fluctuating energies. The human body or our physical organs can only sense their presence if they exhibit the large enough changes. Therefore we do sense the "Regional" waves, even if we just strike a match, because a change has occurred in your energy environment, but we are oblivious to the colossal but steady unchanging energy right inside us, i.e. both gravitation and electromagnetic forces (Galileo had to use a slanting slope or to create a regional change in order to measure gravitation). 

3) The constant speed of light..

Light is part of the electromagnetic microwave radiation referred to above. The speed of light is in fact the speed of the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves. All of these waves move with the same speed by propagation. Much of their origin is still a mystery. However, the theory here, which describes the generation of electromagnetic waves by the galaxy field symmetry, does present a plausible explanation. Let's look closer again using the example of Tropical Zodiac. As already mentioned above, the zodiac is an energy field structure divided into 12 equal divisions, each exactly 30º, and rotating with one degree movement in every 72 years against the direction of solar planets' travel. Every year when the sun comes to the first degree of zodiac, called Vernal Equinox, the atmospheric temperatures change. It is the very start of Spring season. The atmospheric temperatures actually change when the sun impacts every division of the zodiac, but more pronouncedly at every 90º divisions. They are Vernal Equinox (0º), Summer Solstice (90º), Autumnal Equinox (180º) and Winter Solstice (270º). The zodiac is therefore a dynamic energy field symmetry.... Now, consider each monthly energy change as a wave (with a monthly frequency) creating one solar energy fluctuation or one wave. Then there are four seasonal changes or waves, which are stronger. All together they would make one large yearly cycle or yearly wave. 

The simple graph on the left gives a pictorial representation of wave propagation in progress. The graph demonstrates 12 monthly cycles C of energies, fitted into 4 seasonal waves B, together they give one yearly cycle A. As they move together in unison and are locked in motion with their wavelength and frequency, therefore Speed = (Wavelengths x Frequencies, or S = L x F). Similarly every galaxy forms a dynamic force symmetry, Miracle-12, at its center, which generates electromagnetic waves, therefore every galaxy generates the same spectrum of sinusoidal waves with the compatible frequencies and emits them into cosmic space. The overall speed (represented by the arrow) remains constant because the frequencies vary proportionally with wavelengths in the same dynamic symmetry at every galaxy.

Because wave energies may be relayed, resonated and amplified in space by similar waves, consequently the same spectrum or the same family of electromagnetic waves from every galaxy becomes relayed, blended and merged together. The cosmic space is homogenized with sinusoidal waves all resonating in compatible frequencies. Light wave is only a small sector of the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves. As the energy flux passes from outer diameter to inner diameters of Miracle-12 symmetry, the waves thus generated would increase their frequencies smoothly, while their wavelengths would decrease also smoothly, but proportionally, yet the overall product, i.e. the speed of electromagnetic waves transmission, would remain constant (S = L x F), not only in one part of the universe, but all over the universe, because they are all sinusoidal waves generated by the same dynamic symmetry of 12 equal angles. This is why the Speed of Light is Constant. Meanwhile because wave transmission may be relayed and amplified, any weakened waves would be amplified back to their constant speed. For instance, light passes through a sheet of glass, it loses energy by warming up the glass, but as soon as it emerges from the other side of glass, it resumes its original constant speed by relaying with other waves transmitting in that space environment. This is why the speed of light is always constant. 

Let me repeat. The constant speed of light is a natural phenomenon. It is a train of big and small waves generated by the same galactic field symmetry, i.e. Miracle-12, propagating in unison. The difference is in the wavelength, frequency and energy of waves but not in their common speed. Besides, similar wavelengths and frequencies may be relayed and amplified by Constructive Interference with similar sinusoidal waves in the cosmic environment. These environmental electromagnetic waves, having similar frequencies, amplify the existing waves, causing the transmission to strengthen but propagating at constant speed (pulses per second multiplied by wavelength ) as illustrated by the above graph. The energy of transmission is represented by the area covered by each wave or pulse in the graph... The Constructive Interference of propagating waves not only forces the galaxies to expand from each other, it also spreads the electromagnetic waves homogeneously into all cosmic space, causing portions of universe to regenerate.    

This above graph can also illustrates similar phenomena happening at the galaxies. Supposing we visualize the galaxy as made of billions of zodiacs, as described earlier in this page. They will generate a combined structure of field symmetry with 12 equal divisions, and synchronize themselves into one powerful field symmetry. The same solar planets and other galactic planets would circulate the same structural symmetry (see graph of Miracle-12 at beginning of page). They would generate at first weak electromagnetic radiation from the outer diameter of the galaxy, then as the diameters shrink towards the center of galaxy, the strength and frequency of radiation will increase, while wavelengths decrease. This means that an extreme fine and smooth spectrum of electromagnetic waves with big and small wavelengths are all moving in unison as illustrated above (presently the highest practical range of frequencies is the Gamma Rays, while the super higher range of frequencies is given a new name in this theory as "Extreme Galactic Rays", EGR. Please read Definition of EGR ). By the time the galactic planets crash into each other, further added by the grinding and milling action, a surge of colossal energy is released from atomic bondage, namely, the Strong and Weak forces. Thereby all materials in the observable universe are eventually converted into energy flux and come out of galaxies as electromagnetic waves.     

Left Fig shows a sudden colossal release of energy occurring near the center of galaxy where energies from atomic bondage are released. There is a possible Observational Black Hole (OBH) is formed at the center where energy fluxes are forced to travel beyond the speed of light. But this hole is black only because beyond the speed of light, the hole is unobservable. i.e. there is in fact no Gravitational Black Hole. But as the emission slows down it  become visible again.

(The OBH I have termed here is an unobservable region caused by strong energy flux traveling beyond the speed of light. There is no Gravitational Singularity here, because no star or mass could possibly exist intact without being completely crushed and converted into energy, and therefore there is no mass to collapse into Gravitational Black Holes at the center of galaxies )...  Such rotating colossal energy fluxes are pulsed into waves by the field structural symmetry, and become energy waves capable of propagation and emission, and the galactic polar axis, where the pressure is in the least, becomes the areas for the energy wave to escape into cosmic space. This is characteristic of a continuous spectrum of electromagnetic waves generated by the field symmetry Miracle-12....    

Left Fig is another graphic image showing tremendous sudden release of energy at the central region of galaxy, exiting through the polar axis. There is a darkened hole at the center where the speed of propagating waves exceeds the sped of light. Such Observational Black Holes are now found in multitudes.

Let me repeat, these colossal emissions of energy are all invisible electromagnetic radiations, because only such waves are emissive and capable of spatial travel. We see galactic lights from 13 to 14 billion light years away, not only because they have been reinforced by the similar emissions from every galaxy along their travel to us, but also because they are the strongest light rays possible to reach us. Any lights created by atomic activity of helium at the stars or galaxies, or any Regional inter planetary interactions, are not likely to be powerful enough to come all this distance. Imagine taking the galactic light images from the Local Group galaxies of say 100 million light years away, and then project the same image to the remote distance of 13 billion light years. Do you think we can still see that  image at the extended distance (i.e., 13 billions minus say 100 million = 12.9 billions light years) away? Not likely! Only energies generated by conversion of enormous galactic mass, then forcing them out of galactic in steady and nonstop fashion, can be powerful enough to shift the entire universe, or to travel 13 billion light years without losing strength. There is no other energy so stronger in the entire spatial realm. This is also why there is no empty space in the entire cosmos, because the whole cosmic space is made of pulsating transmissible energy waves.

Let's call this steady nonstop energy, which comes from the field symmetry by continuous conversion of mass to energy the "Central" waves or "Central" energies, to differentiate from the "Regional" waves. All other electromagnetic waves that are produced by helium gas on the star surface, or regional storms, or from quasars, or by TV station, or even by your home appliances, etc., are therefore "Regional" waves. Regional phenomena are in fact different manifestations of electromagnetic waves in non-steady and non-continuous fashion.. The "Central" waves are the fundamental colossal energies that are exerted in steady streams by galaxies through conversion of mass to energy and cut into waves by the field symmetry. They are reinforced and resonated by every galaxy that produces also such waves. They now dominate the universal realm and lay down the format of a continuous spectrum of waves, for instance, from radio waves, heat wave, CMB waves, Infra red, visible light, ultra violet, .... x-ray, and gamma ray and more... When you strike a match, its chemical energies have no means to spontaneously turn into more than 7 colours of light spectrum, they merely merge into the spectrum of electromagnetic waves, already propagating in their vicinity. 

Now all kinds of Regional waves, which are not generated directly by the galactic field symmetry do not come with ready made waveforms, and cannot make on spot such refined wave format either. They simply must adopt the wave formats that are vibrating vigorously in their close regional space. That 's the reason why all these Regional bits and pieces of sporadic waves all fit into the same continuous format of the "Central" waves spectrum. Let me repeat. Regional phenomena, such as burning a match stick, create energies only, but not waves, nor vibrations, unless humans design a vibration for it (like a radio frequency circuit). What happens is all Regional energies generated by different regional phenomena, electrical or chemical, simply adopt or impose themselves on strong cosmic wave patterns vibrating in their environment, the same powerful electromagnetic waves that push the universe to float apart, or the same steady waves the human body does not even notice. That's why all Regional waves fall into the one and only same Central wave pattern, i.e. the smooth continuous spectrum of electromagnetic waves.       .    

The speed of light is therefore shown above to be constant, and the strongest electromagnetic waves are generated at the theoretical galactic center where the "Central" pattern of waves are formatted. These wave patterns are stronger than any "Regional" energies created by sporadic regional or cosmic interactions. They are also reinforced and reinvigorated by other similar "Central" waves to pervade every cosmic space. In this manner the Central galactic emission governs and formulate all Regional formation of electromagnetic waves whose energies then combine and reinforce together. In short, the entire cosmos is filled by energy waves generated by masses spiraling into the galactic center and converted into energy, then pulsed into waves through the angles of galactic force field. These angles automatically, or miraculously, form a symmetry with 12 equal angles at the galactic center because there no external energies can interfere. That's why  I call it "Miracle-12". It must be 12 equal angles because it must accommodate all basic symmetries in nature, i.e., 2, 3, 4 and 6 polar forces.      

Now, this explains also why the spectrum of electromagnetic waves are seamless and stepless, as waves are generated with smoothly diminishing wavelengths by the field symmetry from outer regions of the galactic spiral towards the theoretical center. Therefore, the wave length of electromagnetic waves can approach the theoretical zero and their frequencies can approach theoretical infinity, while their strength can be unbelievably strong. Of course, this is still beyond the present capacity of instrument to detect. This is also the proof that the whole continuous spectrum of electromagnetic waves is generated mainly in the galaxy. It is therefore also one of the strong proof that support the theory of Regenerating Universe, and the theory and origin of gravitation, as postulated in page 13) The nature and origin of gravitation?. These radiations contain the entire spectrum of electromagnetic waves. They relay and combine into each other not only so that we can see lights from 13 billion light years away, but in fact they pervade and permeate the entire universal realm. Their intergalactic strength also governs and synchronizes the entire pulses of wave vibration in the universe, which I call Regional energy waves..

Let me emphasize! If you switch on a fluorescent light, or if you change the velocity of say an electron, or even if you produce high energy electromagnetic radiation with a synchrotron in any lab or nuclear laboratory, at each of these occasional events you will produce a small spectrum of Regional electromagnetic waves, never the whole range. But this partial spectrum will always fit into a part of the full Central electromagnetic spectrum. It doesn't matter whether you have produced a heat, or light, or x-ray wave, its waveform will always be part or parts of the same continuous spectrum as defined by the waveform of the Central Spectrum. This phenomenon tells us the followings:-  When you turn on a light, it would be impossible for light bulb to produce visible light and heat waves with precisely defined waveforms concurrently, but whenever and wherever it happens, and will fit seamlessly into the same Central spectrum, unless there are waves already vibrating with ready made waveforms in space. Similarly the extremely strong radiations produced by the synchrotron also cannot instantly turn themselves into gamma rays, with exactly the same wavelength and frequency typical of the same range in the Central wave spectrum. 

You see, there must be a general synchronization with such powerful universal waveforms for each regional material and each wave energy. In other words, the powerful Central intergalactic waveforms govern and formulate the regional waveforms, which then carry the regional energies away. If one designs a radio broadcasting circuit with radio frequencies, the energy of your broadcast from your machine will not be strong enough to spread to the other side of the globe, it's the spatial waves that add to the power of ones circuit and transmit the radio waves around our world. Well, one can't shout loud enough or create a loud noise, and expect it to be heard thousands of miles away. Only electromagnetic waves can do that with ease! Then on the receiving end, only battery power is sufficient to receive the tiny but well defined similar radio frequency, because the same waves from the other side of world is in fact already in your living room. Only our body cannot detect the existence of such waves. In between, wave energies are interfered and amplified, and everybody may seek to adopt the spatial waveforms in order to transport or to catch his desired radio waves. It's no wonder they used to think that a media called "ether" must have been doing it!.  

4) Is the speed of light really the maximum attainable speed in the universe? 

Certainly not! Let me explain. It is a wonder of nature that the speed of visible light (or speed of electromagnetic waves) is a constant as explained.  All orbital motions of planets or galaxies systems are restricted to certain limits of orbital domain and speed. Other motions outside galactic or planetary systems in the great cosmos, including linear motions, are free and unrestricted. There is nothing in science and in nature that limits the speeds or velocities of motion except the energy that drives them. Thus, the theory that regards all other motions in nature to be slower than the speed of light, is in fact setting an imaginary limitation to mother nature's power. 

Then, between 1998 to 2002 many teams of scientists from US, Europe and Australia had confirmed after years of observation with the best telescopes that the remotest galaxies are seen to have expanded or receded to the distance of Hubble Radius, which is approximately 13 billion light years. Yet, these remote galaxies are presently still receding away with increasing speed. In other words, with the known rate of Red Shift, once the receding galaxies have reached the distance of Hubble Radius, then they have already reached the speed of light, yet recent observations show that these galaxies are speeding away with greater speeds than before. 

Some scientists have expressed doubts about the true nature of redshift. They say that redshift was directly adopted from Doppler's Effect, and Doppler's Effect was invented for natural sound waves only, which has a different nature from light waves. Well, sound wave and light wave may be different, but the existence of redshift is supported by the fact that galaxies are receding with ever increasing speed due to inverse square law alone. The observable universe must expand, not because of the explosion of one hypothetical big bang singularity smaller than a pencil point, but because each galaxies exert pressures on each other by emitting radiations. The very moment they start to move apart and the distance between them increases, the gravitation must decrease dramatically. The expansion of the universe is accelerated by both the force of radiation and the exponential decrease of gravitation pull. If redshif does exist, then that variation of redshift by receding galaxies can only prove that the postulate is true! Now the distance of the remotest galaxy is observed to be equivalent to Hubble Radius, it proves that the postulate of Redshift is not only true but accurate as well.

The Inverse Square Law applies to all field theories, including gravitational field, electromagnetic field, electric field and magnetic field, and can be easily proved in laboratory. In a state of near zero gravity the slightest amount of push must accelerate even the largest mass. Sun's radiation can be seen pushing a comet tail to travel ahead of its body. In fact, our sun loses 400 million tons of mass per day due to conversion of mass into radiations. If the energy of light can reach us from some 13 billion light years away, imagine how much radiation is emitted by a galaxy to its next door neighbour every second. Therefore nothing in the whole universe can stop the receding galaxy from going faster than light. It is interesting to note that Einstein decided to choose two mathematical formulations from other people to represent his brand new ideas of Relativities, i.e. Lorentz Transformation and Minkowski's 4th dimension of spacetime continuum, both of them end up eventually in being imaginary mathematical numbers. The Lorentz Transformations is based on the factor 1/ √ (1-V²/C²), which becomes imaginary when speed V is greater than the speed of light C, and Minkowski's 4 dimensional spacetime continuum ( x_1, x_2, x_3,√-1.ct ) contains the imaginary "Time" as the imaginary 4th dimension (√-1.ct ) of space to start with. Perhaps some of the failed spaceships were designed with such imaginary postulates.  

Summation of the above 4 points. 

The universe is pervaded by planetary bodies of different materials. Even though the majority elements are light, such as Hydrogen and Helium, there are all sorts of heavy elements, such as silicon, iron and lead, etc..  This is not likely to be the products of one big bang singularity, as big bang, even Inflation, would render exactly the same material all over the universe in an one way traffic. Only the continuous evolution of universal portions can exchange materials by mixing or merging the portions giving different characteristics of materials in the starry systems. This is also the only possible explanation as to why the universe has evolved into such maturity and complexity of laws and orders, as well as highly defined physical properties in different materials, despite only one small part of the universe is seen by us. It must have taken endless cycles of evolution and regeneration to mature such complex structures and behaviors, which human science can measure and study. For if there is any predictable behaviors in nature, then the forces that initiate those behaviors can only be provided by the galaxies in spatial waves. We cannot expect scattered local or regional energies to influence cosmological consequences. Only wave propagation in continuous trains can be powerful enough to dictate the entire space and provide the energy for evolution. Without the spatial propagation of energy the universe would be static and completely dark and dead. If this is so, then the waveform dispatched from the galaxies would dictate the regional energy format, so that the entire spatial forces in the universe can propagate and resonate in unison without mutual conflict... 

The discovery of wave mechanics during the past roughly one and half centuries has benefited progress of science enormously. It has propelled scientific knowledge into the sphere of quantum physics and other advanced fields that give us electricity, computer technology and many other modern applications, including distant communications and medical sciences. The universe is in fact entirely pervaded by two fundamental energies, more fundamental than the aforesaid 4 forces of interaction. These fundamental energies are electric charge and magnetic moment, which are the fundamental constituent in each atom. Because the whole universe is in motion, so every electric charge (proton and electron) in the atom induces magnetic moment. Then all atoms are transported through the galactic spiral where they will be converted as electromagnetic radiations and emitted into space. Therefore, all energies are stripped down to their bare fundamentals at the galactic center, except electromagnetism, which then comes out of galaxies still retaining its duel nature as spatial waves. In fact, scientists have already found it possible to unify the electromagnetic force with the Weak nuclear force into one force called the Electro-Weak", but it can  only occur at high energy conditions. Scientists are now trying to unify also the Strong nuclear force to make it threesome, which will be called Grand Unison or GUT. This indicates that at the extreme conditions of galactic center all 4 forces of Interaction could be reduced to the duel nature of electromagnetism, and becomes a Theory of Everything or TOE. Thus the fundamental properties of electromagnetism is not destroyed by the violence at the galactic center, while everything else is stripped bare of their compositions. So, at the very base our universe is actually an electromagnetic universe. The present theory here now explains also the origin of gravitation, which is in fact the unification of the Strong Force and electromagnetic force ( Please read page 13) The nature and origin of gravitation). This theory also explains where and how electromagnetic radiations are created...       

Note: During the first half of the past one century the work on wave mechanics in science have changed human history. Many Nobel prizes for physics have been awarded for the discoveries that are one way or another related to the fundamental nature of waves and electromagnetic waves. e.g. 

1901 to W. C. Roentgen, 1902 to H.A.Lorentz and P. Zeeman, 1905 to P.E.A. von Lenard,  1906 to J. J. Thomson, 1909 to G. Marconi and K.F. Braun, 1911 to W. Wien, 1914 to Max von Laue, 1918 to Planck, 1921 to Einstein, 1922 to Bohr, 1923 to R.A. Millikan, 1924 to K. Siegbahn, 1925 to J. Franck and G. Hertz, 1927 to Arthur H. Compton and C. Wilson, 1929 to Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie, 1930 to Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, 1932 to Werner Karl Heisenberg, 1933 to E. Schroedinger and Paul Dirac, 1936 to Victor Franz Hess, 1937 to C. J. Davisson and Sir George P. Thomson,  1938 to Enrico Fermi, 1943 to Otto Stern, 1945 to W. Pauli, 1948 to P. Blackett... Therefore, during the first 50 years of the 20th century, 24 years of Nobel awards in physics were given ( almost every other year ) for scientific work or discovery on nature of electromagnetic waves, mostly about the fundamental properties and behaviors of light as well as other aspects of quantum physics. It shows the importance of the roles that light and other aspects of electromagnetic waves play in the course of nature's interactions and their significance to modern science. In the next page we will attempt to explain in detail where and how electromagnetic waves are originated and created. 

The next stage for human civilization is the cosmological civilization and life in the unbound cosmic space (unless humans bomb themselves back to stone age). So, let's train our vision towards the cosmological distances. I may be quite wrong in my visions and deductions, but as far as this theory is concerned, there are no unimaginable forces, such as Black Hole singularity, nor unimaginable existence, such as a big bang singularity in these pages. All masses and forces in this theory are broadly accountable and explainable. Through out history, theories of cosmology seem rarely without some amounts of indigestible fantasies. The reason I venture to put my theory here is that I have put the central principle of galactic field symmetry to test in so many functional facets in different pages, yet they still seem to fit. The result is actually a workable universe. The structures of universe here seem manageable and its manifestations are rational. The points of discussions are based on known and common phenomena of nature. Of course the great cosmos is not for humans to see or visit in its entity. So the only way to understand the infinite nature is through common science and rationalization, with limited degrees of visualization. I stand ready, and will be extremely grateful, for correction and advice at all times..    

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